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Bronze Head from Ife
The Bronze Head from Ife, or Ife Head,〔The name used by the British Museum〕 is one of eighteen copper alloy sculptures that were unearthed in 1938 at Ife in Nigeria, the religious and former royal centre of the Yoruba people. It is believed to represent a king. It was probably made in the thirteenth-fourteenth century C.E., before any European contact had taken place with the local population. The realism and sophisticated craftsmanship of the objects challenged Western conceptions of African art at the time. A year after its finding, the Ife Head was taken to the British Museum.〔(The Ife Head ), British Museum, retrieved 30 November 2013〕
==Description==
Like most West African "bronzes" the piece is actually made of copper and various alloys, described by the British Museum as "heavily leaded zinc-brass".〔(British Museum online database ) "The Ife Head"〕 Modern practice in museums and archaeology is increasingly to avoid terms such as bronze or brass for historical objects in favour of the all-embracing "copper alloy".〔The British Museum collection database "scope note" on "copper alloy", "brass" and "bronze" reads "The term copper alloy should be searched for full retrievals on objects made or bronze or brass. This is because bronze and brass have at times been used interchangeably in the old documentation, and copper alloy is the Broad Term of both. In addition, the public may refer to certain collections by their popular name, such as 'The Benin Bronzes' most of which are actually made of brass." (British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy" ). Britishmuseum.org. Retrieved on 2014-05-26.〕 The head is made using the lost wax technique and is approximately three-quarters life-size, measuring 35 cm high. The artist designed the head in a very naturalistic style. The face is covered with incised striations, but the lips are unmarked. The headdress suggests a crown of complex construction, composed of different layers of tube shaped beads and tassels. This decoration is typical of the bronze heads from Ife.〔
(Bronzes from Ife and Benin ), Peter Herrmann, Berlin, 2007, retrieved 30 November 2013〕 The crown is topped by a crest, with a rosette and a plume which now is slightly bent to one side. The crown's surface includes the remains of both red and black paint. The lifelike rendering of sculptures from mediaeval Ife is exceptional in sub-Saharan African art, and initially was considered the earliest manifestation of a tradition that continued in Yoruba art, in early Benin art and other pieces. An excavation in Igbo-Ukwu in 1959 provided scientific evidence of an established metal working culture and bronze artifacts that may be dated to the ninth or tenth centuries.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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